A grandparent's death is the one everybody quietly downgrades. Because the person was old, the condolences arrive pre-softened, and every soft one carries the same small instruction underneath it: this is sad, but not that sad, so please don't be that sad in front of me. I have grouped what follows by where you are standing, because a grandchild who was raised by the woman needs a different sentence than a colleague who never met her.

Ninety-one is not a consolation

The arithmetic never works the way the sender thinks it does. If your grandmother was ninety-one, you had her for most of your life, which means there is far more of her stitched into your ordinary week than there would have been if she had died at sixty. Sixty years of Sunday phone calls is sixty years of a habit that has just stopped. A long life is a reason to miss someone more, not less.

I think people reach for the age because it gives them something factual to hold. Death is unbearable and vague; ninety-one is a number, and numbers feel safe to type. But leading with the number converts a person into a statistic in the opening line of your message, and the griever hears the conversion. They hear it every time.

Two other things are true and hardly ever said out loud. For a lot of adults this is the first death they have had properly, up close. They are thirty-four, they have never chosen a coffin or sat through the bit where the curtain moves, and nobody warned them how much of grief would turn out to be admin. The second thing: their parent has just lost a parent. Your friend is grieving a grandmother while watching her own mother become a woman whose mother is dead. Both griefs are in the room, and the older one usually gets the chair.

If you were close to them

Use the family word. Nan, Nonna, Ammamma, Papa, Grandad, whatever the actual word was in that house, because the family word carries the relationship and "your grandmother" carries a census category. Then put in one detail you saw with your own eyes. The way she had the tea going before you got your coat off. The way he read the racing pages out loud to nobody. Nobody has ever been comforted by the word wonderful. I have sent some version of the first line below a dozen times and I don't think it has once been the wrong thing to send.

  • I'm so sorry about your gran. I loved her too.
  • Ninety-one years and it still wasn't enough. I'm so sorry.
  • Your grandad was the only adult at those family parties who ever asked me a real question. I have been thinking about him all week.
  • I keep thinking about the Sunday phone calls. That is a lot of Sundays to suddenly have back. I'm so sorry.
  • I'm gutted for you.
  • She was proud of you in a way that was almost embarrassing to be in the room for. I'm so sorry she's gone.
  • There is no version of your childhood that doesn't have him in it. That's the size of this thing. I'm here for all of it, not just this week.
  • I'm so sorry about Nan. I'll be there Saturday, I'll bring the good tea, and you don't have to talk to me at all.
  • I know she was ninety-four. I also know you are still going to want to ring her on a Tuesday. Both of those are true and neither cancels the other.
  • Your grandmother taught you every practical thing you know, and I have personally benefited from about half of them. I'm so sorry.
  • I don't have the right words. I have a car and a free Saturday and I will drive you anywhere you need driving.
  • He's in your hands. I have watched you do the exact thing he did with a screwdriver, that little pause before you commit. That part stays.

If you only saw them a few times a year

Plenty of people feel like a fraud grieving a grandparent they saw twice a year, or once every three years, or only on video calls in a language they half lost. The relationship was real and so is the loss, and the guilt sitting on top of it is doing nobody any good. Skip "at least you got to see her at Christmas." That is the same arithmetic in a smaller coat.

  • I'm so sorry about your grandad.
  • I know you didn't see her often. That doesn't make the missing smaller. It just makes it quieter, and quieter is harder to explain to people.
  • I'm sorry. Grieving somebody who lived a long way away is a strange, lonely kind of grief and I'm not going to pretend otherwise.
  • You always came back from those summers different. She clearly did something to you. I'm so sorry she's gone.
  • Sending love. No reply needed, now or ever.
  • I'm so sorry. If guilt turns up, and it might, it isn't evidence of anything. You were four thousand miles away and you were still hers.
  • Thinking of you and your family this week, and about the flights, and the paperwork, and how much of this is going to be logistics. I'm free to sit on hold with an airline with you.
  • Tell me something about him when you feel like it. I'd like to know more than I do.

When your grandparents raised you

For a lot of people the grandparent was the parent. The school run, the packed lunches, the parents' evenings, the shouting matches at sixteen, the person who signed the forms. Drop "she was like a mother to you," because there was no like about it, and if your friend called her Mum then call her Mum. What you are writing here is a parent-loss card that happens to have the word grandmother hovering somewhere near it.

  • I'm so sorry. She raised you. That isn't a footnote, that's the whole thing.
  • He was your dad in every way the word actually means. I'm so sorry.
  • I know what she was to you. I am not going to call this a grandparent thing.
  • You lost the person who did the sick days, the school runs, the arguments, the lot. I'm so sorry.
  • I'm here. All of it. However long it takes.
  • Everything steady about you came out of that house. I'm so sorry it has gone quiet.
  • I'm so sorry, and I'm sorry too that people are going to keep saying "your grandmother" like the word explains what you have lost. It doesn't come close.
  • They did the job of four people and you never once heard either of them complain about it. I'm so sorry. I'm bringing food Thursday and leaving it on the step.

After dementia, or a long decline

This is the we-lost-her-twice register, and it needs handling differently from the rest. The person you are writing to has been grieving in instalments for years, in a day room on a Tuesday afternoon with a bag of grapes nobody was ever going to eat. Relief is often in there somewhere. So is guilt about the relief. Make room for all of it without telling them which one they ought to be feeling.

And never lead with "at least he isn't suffering anymore." They have said that sentence to themselves several hundred times already and it has not worked once.

  • You have been losing him for four years and it still landed like a wall. I'm so sorry.
  • Grief that starts early doesn't finish early. I'm so sorry.
  • I'm so sorry about your gran. You said goodbye to her a lot of times before this one, and none of them counted.
  • Whatever this week is, including relief, including numbness, including nothing at all, I'm not grading it.
  • I'm so sorry.
  • You went to that home every single week for three years, including all the weeks she had no idea who you were. I saw you do it. I'm so sorry.
  • I know the last two years were hard and I know she wasn't herself. I'm going to keep remembering the version who shouted at the darts on the telly, if that's all right with you.
  • If anybody tells you it's a blessing this week, you have my full permission to walk out of the room. I'll come with you.

When there was no warning

People assume an old person's death is always the expected kind. Plenty aren't. A fall on the stairs, a stroke on a Tuesday morning, a man who was completely himself at a wedding in June and gone by August. The shock is real, and the family is often less prepared than they would have been at sixty, because everyone had quietly agreed there would be a warning first.

  • There was no warning at all, was there. I'm so sorry.
  • I can't believe it. I spoke to him at your wedding and he was entirely himself.
  • I'm so sorry. Old and sudden are not the same thing, and this was sudden.
  • Sending love. I'm not going to ask you what happened.
  • You didn't get to say the last thing, and that is a whole separate grief sitting on top of this one. I'm here for both of them.
  • Tell me what needs doing and I'll do it without a single follow-up question.

For a coworker, a friend, or your partner's grandparent

Short, plain, and no eulogy for somebody you never met. Say you heard, say you're sorry, take one thing off the list. If it's your partner's grandparent, write separately to your mother-in-law or father-in-law, because they have just lost a parent while everybody around them treats the whole event as the grandchildren's loss. That second message gets remembered for years. The one time I got this right at work it was by accident. I mentioned in passing that I'd covered a meeting for her, and that was the only part of the message she ever wrote back about. Our guide to sympathy messages for a coworker goes further into the workplace register.

  • So sorry to hear about your grandmother. Thinking of you this week.
  • I just heard about your grandad. Take whatever time you need, nothing here is urgent.
  • So sorry for your loss. No need to reply to this.
  • I'm so sorry about your gran. I could tell you were close, from how often she came up. Thinking of you.
  • Thinking of you and your mum this week. She has lost her mother, and that's a lot to be holding while everyone looks at her to organise the sandwiches.
  • So sorry. Your Thursday meetings are cancelled through next week, already done, nobody is waiting on you.
  • I'm so sorry about Grandad. He shook my hand at Christmas like he had been waiting years to meet me, and I've never forgotten it. Thinking of you, and of your mum.
  • Sorry for your loss. Sending love from all of us here.

The lines to retire, and why the age ones are the worst

Everything in this section gets sent by people who mean well. That is exactly why it keeps getting sent.

"At least they lived a long life." "A good innings." "They had a good run." All three ask the griever to be grateful in the same breath as sad, and they quietly set a ceiling on how sad they are allowed to be in front of you. There is one exception and it matters: if the bereaved person says it first, you can agree with it warmly. They are allowed to reach for the consolation. You are not allowed to hand it to them.

"At least they're not suffering anymore." Probably true. Also already thought, several hundred times, by the person you are writing to, and it has not helped yet. Say the sad part instead.

"They're in a better place." This one asks the reader to share your beliefs about where people go, and roughly half of them don't. Most of the ones who do would still rather she were in her own kitchen.

"Everything happens for a reason." There is no reason. You are assigning meaning to somebody else's loss, which is not a thing anyone gets to do on their behalf.

"Time heals." Not this week it doesn't. What time actually does is more complicated and less flattering, and nobody in week one wants the forecast.

"Be strong." "Stay strong." "Be strong for your mum." This hands the grieving person a job. They are allowed to be a mess at the funeral tea. Nobody needs them composed for the comfort of the room.

"Let me know if you need anything." The kindest-sounding and least useful sentence in the language. It converts your good intention into a task on their list. It asks somebody who currently cannot decide what to eat to work out what you might be willing to do, decide whether it's a fair thing to ask, and then ring you up and ask for it. They will never do this. Replace it with one closed offer. I'm bringing dinner Thursday. I'm taking the dog for a fortnight. I'll ring the crematorium about the flowers. Do the thing, tell them it's done, don't wait for permission.

Turn it into a group card

Grandparent funerals scatter people. Cousins in three countries, the great-aunt who can't travel, the neighbour who has known the family since 1974 and wasn't on anyone's list. Separate cards arriving through the letterbox one by one means the family has to acknowledge each one individually, which is a job, and half of them go to whichever address somebody happened to remember.

A group sympathy card online takes the geography out of it. One link, everybody who knew them, and each person writes their own line about the same person. You can create a card online in a couple of minutes and schedule it for a fortnight after the funeral, which is when the house goes quiet and the casseroles stop arriving. Send it to the grandchild if the grandchild is the one you know. Send it to the widowed grandparent if there is one, because they are heading into the loneliest six months of their life and almost nobody writes to them.

If you've never written one of these, the what to write in a sympathy card guide has the shape of it. For the neighbouring cases we have separate pieces on condolence messages for the loss of a parent, which is the one to send your friend's mum, and on the loss of a sibling. If you want something briefer than anything up there, short condolence messages collects lines that fit in a text. The anniversary of a death piece covers the first year, which is roughly when everyone else stops asking.

Write the message today. Use their name. Leave the number out of the first sentence. Imani replied to two of her eleven in the end, both from people who had said nothing at all about how old he was.

I have been trying to learn to whistle with two fingers since about March. Nobody asked me to and there is no reason for it. A man on the internet insists the whole thing is the tongue and not the fingers, which I have decided to disbelieve, and so far the only sound I can reliably produce is a kettle giving up. My neighbour's dog has started answering it through the fence. I'm counting that.